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The Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), also referred to as the University of Munich, is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut, it is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operation.

In 1800, the university was moved from Ingolstadt to Landshut by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria when the city was threatened by the French, before being transferred to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria. In 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX.

LMU is currently the second-largest (and largest on-site) university in Germany in terms of student population. In the 2025/26 winter semester, the university had a total of 52,658 matriculated students. Of these, 7,451 were freshmen, while international students totaled 11,658 or approximately 22% of the student population. The university is organised in 18 faculties, with faculties in theology, law, business administration, economics, medicine, history and the arts, philosophy, psychology, languages and literatures, social sciences, mathematics, informatics, statistics, physics, chemistry, biology, geosciences. As for the operating budget, the university recorded in 2024 a total of 879.0 million euros in funding without the university hospital; with the university hospital, the total university funding for that year amounted to approximately 2.25 billion euros.

As of 2023, LMU Munich is associated with 50 Nobel laureates. Notable alumni, faculty and researchers include Pope Benedict XVI, Rudolf Peierls, Josef Mengele, Richard Strauss, Walter Benjamin, Joseph Campbell, Muhammad Iqbal, Marie Stopes, Wolfgang Pauli, Bertolt Brecht, Max Horkheimer, Karl Loewenstein, Carl Schmitt, Gustav Radbruch, Ernst Cassirer, Ernst Bloch, Hermann Göring, and Konrad Adenauer. LMU has recently been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and is a member of U15 as well as the LERU.

History

1472–1800

The university was founded with papal blessing in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt (foundation right of Louis IX the Rich), with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who later became bishop of Chiemsee.

In the period of German humanism, the university's academics included names such as Conrad Celtes and Petrus Apianus. The theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits and became one of the centres of the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university.

At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the Enlightenment, which led to a stronger emphasis on natural science.

1800–1933

In 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (the later Maximilian I, King of Bavaria) moved the university to Landshut, due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university. In 1826, it was moved to Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were somewhat critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian and later Ludwig I invited to Munich. They were dubbed the "Nordlichter" (northern lights), and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them.

In the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the global leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion. From 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became with her habilitation (higher doctorate) at this university the first woman in Germany to earn a habilitation.

During the Weimar Republic, the university continued to be one of the world's leading universities, with professors such as Wilhelm Röntgen, Wilhelm Wien, Richard Willstätter, Arnold Sommerfeld and Ferdinand Sauerbruch.

1933–1945

During the Third Reich, academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943, the White Rose group, consisting of anti-Nazi students, carried out a campaign opposing the National Socialists at this institution. The university subsequently removed Kurt Huber, a Nazi opposition fighter, from his position and revoked his doctorate upon his arrest.

Campus

LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich, with several buildings located in the suburbs of Oberschleissheim and Garching as well as Maisach and Bad Tölz. The university's main buildings are grouped around Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz on Ludwigstrasse, extending into side streets such as Akademiestraße, Schellingstraße, and Veterinärstraße. Other large campuses and institutes are located in Großhadern (Klinikum Großhadern), Martinsried (chemistry and biotechnology campus), the Ludwigsvorstadt (Klinikum Innenstadt) and in the Lehel (Institut am Englischen Garten), across from the main buildings, through the Englischer Garten.

The university's main building is situated in Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and the university's main campus is served by the Munich subway's Universität station.

Great Assembly Hall (Große Aula)

The große Aula is located in the university main building at Ludwigstraße in Munich. The Aula was constructed as part of the main building by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed in 1840. The hall is situated in the first floor and extends to the second floor.

The Aula was not destroyed during World War II and, thus, is one of few usable pre war venues in Munich. The Aula was used for the first performances of concerts after the war. Furthermore, it was venue for the constituent assembly of the state of Bavaria, where the current Bavarian constitution was enacted.

Today, the Aula hosts mainly concerts, talks and lectures.

Academics

Fields of study

Despite the Bologna Process which saw the demise of most traditional academic-degree courses such as the Diplom and Magister Artium in favour of the more internationally known Bachelors and Masters system, LMU Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors.

In line with the university's internationalisation as a popular destination for tertiary studies, an increasing number of courses mainly at the graduate and post-graduate levels are also available in English to cater to international students who may have little or no background in the German language. Some notable subject areas which currently offer programmes in English include various fields of psychology, physics as well as business and management.

Faculties

The university consists of 18 faculties which oversee various departments and institutes. The official numbering of the faculties and the missing numbers 06 and 14 are the result of breakups and mergers of faculties in the past. The Faculty of Forestry Operations with number 06 has been integrated into the Technical University of Munich in 1999 and faculty number 14 has been merged with faculty number 13.

• 01 Faculty of Catholic Theology
• 02 Faculty of Protestant Theology
• 03 Faculty of Law
• 04 Faculty of Business Administration
• 05 Faculty of Economics
• 07 Faculty of Medicine
• 08 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
• 09 Faculty for History and the Arts
• 10 Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and Study of Religion
• 11 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
• 12 Faculty for the Study of Culture
• 13 Faculty for Languages and Literatures
• 15 Faculty of Social Sciences
• 16 Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics
• 17 Faculty of Physics
• 18 Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
• 19 Faculty of Biology
• 20 Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Sciences

Research centres

In addition to its 18 faculties, LMU Munich also maintains numerous research centres involved in numerous cross-faculty and transdisciplinary projects to complement its various academic programmes. Some of these research centres were a result of cooperation between the university and renowned external partners from academia and industry; the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, for example, was established through a joint initiative between LMU Munich and the Deutsches Museum, while the Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking resulted from the collaboration between the Parmenides Foundation and LMU Munich's Human Science Center.

Some of the research centres which have been established include:

Notable alumni and faculty members

The alumni of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics. Max Planck, the founder of quantum theory and Nobel laureate in Physics in 1918, was an alumnus of the university. Founders of quantum mechanics such as Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and others were associated with the university.

Most recently, to honor the Nobel laureate in Chemistry Gerhard Ertl, who worked as a professor at LMU Munich from 1973 to 1986, the building of the Physical Chemistry was named after him.

Pakistani philosopher and poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal, regarded as the "Poet of the East" and "The Thinker of Pakistan", earned his PhD degree from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich in 1908. Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908, entitled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia.

The anti-Nazi resistance White Rose was based in this university.

As of 2023, LMU Munich is associated with 50 Nobel laureates. Among these were Ferenc Krausz (2023), Svante Pääbo (2022), Reinhard Genzel (2020), Gerhard Ertl (2007), Theodor W. Hänsch (2005), Wolfgang Ketterle (2001), Günter Blobel (1999), Bert Sakmann (1991), Hartmut Michel (1988), Gerd Binnig (1986), Ernst Otto Fischer (1973), Karl von Frisch (1973), Konrad Lorenz (1973), Hans Bethe (1967), Feodor Lynen (1964), Hans Adolf Krebs (1953), Hermann Staudinger (1953), Wolfgang Pauli (1945), Otto Hahn (1944), Adolf Butenandt (1939), Richard Kuhn (1938), Peter Debye (1936), Otto Loewi (1936), Werner Heisenberg (1932), Hans Fischer (1930), Thomas Mann (1929), Heinrich Otto Wieland (1927), Gustav Ludwig Hertz (1925), Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1925), Johannes Stark (1919), Max Planck (1918), Richard Willstätter (1915), Max von Laue (1914), Wilhelm Wien (1911), Paul Heyse (1910), Eduard Buchner (1907), Adolf von Baeyer (1905), Emil Fischer (1902), and Wilhelm Röntgen (1901).

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