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Cornell University ( kor-NEL) is a private Ivy League research university based in Ithaca, New York, United States. The university was co-founded by American philanthropist Ezra Cornell and historian and educator Andrew Dickson White in 1865. Since its founding, Cornell University has been a co-educational and nonsectarian institution. As of fall 2024, the student body included 16,128 undergraduate and 10,665 postgraduate students from all 50 U.S. states and 130 countries.

The university is organized into eight undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions on its main Ithaca campus. Each college and academic division has near autonomy in defining its respective admission standards and academic curriculum. In addition to its primary campus in Ithaca, Cornell University administers three satellite campuses, including two in New York City, the medical school and Cornell Tech, and a branch of the medical school in Al Rayyan in Education City, Qatar.

Cornell is one of three private land-grant universities in the United States. Among the university's 20 colleges and schools, some are state-supported statutory or contract colleges partly financed by the State of New York through the State University of New York. These include the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the College of Human Ecology, and the Industrial and Labor Relations School, and one of the graduate divisions of the Veterinary Medicine College. The main campus of Cornell University in Ithaca spans 745 acres (301 ha).

As of October 2024, 63 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Cornell University (52 strictly as alumni or faculty members), along with 4 Turing Award winners, and 1 Fields Medalist. The institution counts more than 250,000 living alumni, which include 34 Marshall Scholars, 33 Rhodes Scholars, 29 Truman Scholars, 63 Olympic medalists, 10 current Fortune 500 CEOs, and 35 billionaires.

History

19th century

Cornell University was founded on April 27, 1865, by Ezra Cornell, an entrepreneur and New York State senator, and Andrew Dickson White, an educator and fellow state senator. The university was established as New York's land-grant institution following authorization by the New York State Legislature. Ezra Cornell provided his farm in Ithaca, New York, as the initial campus site and contributed $500,000 as an initial endowment (equivalent to $13,074,000 in 2025). White agreed to serve as the university's first president.

White oversaw the university's early development, including construction of its first two buildings, and traveled to recruit students and faculty. The university was formally inaugurated on October 7, 1868, with 412 male students enrolling the following day.

Cornell developed as a technologically innovative institution, incorporating academic research into campus infrastructure and outreach. In 1883, it became one of the first electrified universities, employing a water-powered dynamo to light parts of the campus. Since 1894, the university has incorporated state-funded colleges that fulfill statutory requirements, and it administers research and extension programs jointly funded by New York State and the U.S. federal government. In 1872, Cornell became one of the first U.S. universities to allow alumni-elected trustees on its board.During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cornell was home to literary societies that promoted writing, reading, and oratory. The U.S. Bureau of Education classified several of these societies as following the traditions of literary organizations at Eastern universities.

20th century

In 1967, Cornell experienced a fire in the Residential Club dormitory that killed eight students and one professor. In the late 1960s, Cornell was among the Ivy League universities that experienced heightened student activism related to cultural issues, civil rights, and opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1969, armed anti–Vietnam War protesters occupied Willard Straight Hall, an incident that led to a restructuring of university governance and forced the resignation of then-president James Alfred Perkins.

Cornell University and its academic programs have routinely ranked among the best in the world. In 1995, the National Research Council ranked Cornell's Ph.D. programs sixth in the nation. It also ranked the academic quality of 18 individual Cornell Ph.D. programs among the top ten nationwide, including astrophysics (ninth), chemistry (sixth), civil engineering (sixth), comparative literature (sixth), computer science (fifth), ecology (fourth), electrical engineering (seventh), English (seventh), French (eighth), geosciences (tenth), German (third), linguistics (ninth), materials science (third), mechanical engineering (seventh), philosophy (ninth), physics (sixth), Spanish (eighth), and statistics/biostatistics (fourth). The council ranked Cornell's College of Arts and Humanities faculty fifth in the nation, its mathematics and physical sciences faculty sixth, and its College of Engineering fifth.

Campuses

Ithaca campus

Cornell University's main campus is located in Ithaca, New York, on East Hill, offering views of the city and Cayuga Lake. The campus has expanded to approximately 745 acres (301 ha) since its founding, now including multiple academic buildings, laboratories, administrative facilities, athletic centers, auditoriums, museums, and residential areas. In 2011, Travel + Leisure recognized Cornell's campus in Ithaca as one of the most beautiful in the United States, praising its unique blend of architectural styles, historic landmarks, and picturesque surroundings.The Ithaca campus is characterized by an irregular layout and a mix of architectural styles that developed over time through successive master plans. More ornate buildings generally predate World War II, while later construction reflects modernist and contemporary styles.

Several Cornell University buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Andrew Dickson White House, Bailey Hall, Caldwell Hall, the Computing and Communications Center, Morrill Hall, Rice Hall, Fernow Hall, Wing Hall, Llenroc, and Deke House. Morrill Hall has also been designated a National Historic Landmark. Three other listed historic buildings, the original Roberts Hall, East Roberts Hall, and Stone Hall, were demolished in the 1980s to make way for new campus buildings and development.

Central, North, and West campuses

The majority of Cornell University's academic and administrative facilities are located on its main campus in Ithaca. Architectural styles range from ornate Collegiate Gothic, Victorian, and Neoclassical buildings to more spare international and modernist structures. Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park, proposed a "grand terrace" overlooking Cayuga Lake in one of the earliest plans for the development of the campus.

North Campus is primarily residential, with ten residence halls for first- and second-year students and housing for transfer students in the Townhouse Community. The West Campus House System showcases a blend of architectural styles, including Gothic-style buildings and residence halls collectively known as "the Gothics".

In Collegetown, located near the campus in Ithaca, the architectural styles are diverse, reflecting the area's mixed-use nature. The Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts and two upper-level residence halls are surrounded by a variety of apartment buildings, eateries, and businesses.

Natural surroundings

Cornell University's main campus in Ithaca is located in the Finger Lakes region in upstate New York and features views of the city, Cayuga Lake, and surrounding valleys. The campus is bordered by two gorges, Fall Creek Gorge and Cascadilla Gorge. The gorges are popular swimming spots during warmer months, but their use is discouraged by the university and city code due to potential safety hazards. Adjacent to the main campus, Cornell owns the 2,800 acres (1,100 ha) Cornell Botanic Gardens, which feature cultivated gardens, arboretum collections, and natural areas.

Organization and administration

Cornell University is a nonprofit organization with a decentralized structure in which its 16 colleges, including 12 privately endowed colleges and four publicly supported statutory colleges, exercise significant autonomy to define and manage their respective academic programs, admissions, advising, and confer degrees. Cornell also operates eCornell, which provides online professional development and certificate programs and participates in New York's land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant programs.

Governance and administration

Cornell University was chartered by an act of the New York State Legislature (Chapter 585 of the Laws of 1865) which was later codified into Article 115 (sections 5701 through 5716) of the Education Law of the Consolidated Laws of New York.

Cornell University is governed by a 64-member board of trustees, which includes both privately and publicly appointed trustees appointed by the Governor of New York, alumni-elected trustees, faculty-elected trustees, student-elected trustees, and non-academic staff-elected trustees. The Governor, Temporary President of the Senate, Speaker of the Assembly, and president of the university serve in ex officio voting capacities. The board is responsible for electing a President to serve as the university's chief executive and educational officer. From 2014 to 2022, Robert Harrison served as chairman of the board. He was succeeded by Kraig Kayser. The Board of Trustees holds four regular meetings annually, which are subject to the New York State Open Meetings Law.

The university charter (specifically, paragraph 1.b of section 5703 of the Education Law) provides that one member of the board, the life trustee, is the eldest living lineal descendant of Ezra Cornell. As of 2024, the current and longest-serving life trustee is Ezra Cornell, class of 1971, the great-great-great-grandson of the original Ezra Cornell. He celebrated 50 years of service as a board member in 2019. His eldest daughter Katy Cornell, class of 2001, is expected to become the next life trustee.

On July 1, 2024, Michael Kotlikoff, who served as Cornell's 16th provost, began a two-year term as interim president, succeeding Martha E. Pollack, Cornell's fourteenth president, who announced her retirement in May 2024.

Colleges and academic structure

Cornell's colleges and schools offer a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, including seven undergraduate colleges and seven schools offering graduate and professional programs. All academic departments at Cornell are affiliated with at least one college. Several inter-school academic departments offer courses in more than one college. Students pursuing graduate degrees in these schools are enrolled in Cornell University Graduate School. The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions provides additional programs for college and high school students, professionals, and other adults.

Academics

Cornell is a large and primarily residential research university, and a majority of its students are enrolled in undergraduate programs. Since 1921, the university has been accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and its predecessor. Cornell operates on a 4–1–4 academic calendar, with the fall term beginning in late August and ending in early December, a three-week winter session in January, and the spring term beginning in late January and ending in early May.

Cornell is a land-, space-, and sea-grant university, and until 2014 was a sun-grant university as well.

Undergraduate admissions

Admission to Cornell University is highly competitive. Cornell's undergraduate programs for the Class of 2028 received 65,612 applications, of which 5,516 (8.4%) were accepted. For enrolling first-year students, the middle-50% range for SAT evidence-based reading and writing was 730–770, while for mathematics it was 770–800; the middle-50% range for the ACT composite was 33–35.

The university attracts a diverse student body. In 2022, the proportion of admitted students who self-identify as underrepresented minorities increased to 34.2%, up from 33.7% in 2021, and 59.3% self-identify as students of color, up from 52.5% in 2017 and 57.2% in 2020. Among the 5,168 admitted in 2022, 1,163 were first-generation college students, up from 844 in 2020. The university practices need-blind admission for U.S. applicants.

Financial aid

Cornell University, under Section 9 of its original charter, ensures equal access to education by admitting students without distinction based on rank, class, occupation, or locality. The charter also mandates free instruction for one student from each Assembly district in New York State.From the 1950s to the 1980s, Cornell collaborated with other Ivy League institutions to establish a uniform financial aid system. Although a 1989 consent decree ended this collaboration due to an antitrust investigation, all Ivy League schools still offer need-based financial aid without athletic scholarships. In December 2010, Cornell pledged to match the grant component of financial aid offers from the seven other Ivy League schools and MIT and Stanford for accepted applicants considering these institutions.

In 2008, Cornell introduced a financial aid initiative that incrementally replaced need-based loans with scholarships for undergraduate students from lower-income families. Despite a 27% drop in the university's endowment in 2008, attributable partly to the 2008 financial crisis, Cornell president David J. Skorton allocated additional funds to continue the initiative and sought to raise $125 million in donations for its support. In 2010, Cornell met the full financial aid needs of 40% of full-time first-year students with financial need. The average undergraduate student debt upon graduation, as of 2010, was $21,549.

Research

Cornell University is classified among “R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity.” The National Science Foundation ranked Cornell 14th among U.S. universities for R&D expenditures in 2021, at $1.18 billion. The Department of Health and Human Services and the National Science Foundation are the primary federal sponsors, accounting for 49.6% and 24.4% of federal support, respectively. Cornell is ranked fourth worldwide for producing graduates who pursue PhDs in engineering or natural sciences at American institutions and fifth for graduates pursuing PhDs in any field.

Science, technology, and engineering research

Cornell has contributed to nuclear and high-energy physics, space exploration, automotive safety, and computing technology. It regularly ranks among top U.S. universities for patenting and startup formation. In 2004–05, Cornell filed 203 U.S. patent applications, completed 77 license agreements, and distributed more than $4.1 million in royalties to units and inventors; in 2009 it spent $671 million on science and engineering R&D, 16th nationally.

Cornell has participated in uncrewed Mars missions since 1962 and played a leading role in the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Its researchers helped discover the rings of Uranus and operated the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico until 2011, then home to the world's largest single-dish radio telescope.Founded in 1952, the Automotive Crash Injury Research Center pioneered modern crash test research, including early cadaver studies that informed seat belts, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and improved door locks.

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